Toxicology Emergencies

Poisoning and overdose management protocols

Conditions

Opioid Overdose

ATS Category 1 - Evidence Grade A

Epidemiology

Opioid overdose deaths have increased dramatically worldwide. Fentanyl and synthetic opioids are now the leading cause of overdose deaths in many countries.

Pathophysiology

Opioid receptor agonism causes CNS and respiratory depression, miosis, and decreased GI motility. Respiratory arrest is the primary cause of death.

Risk Factors

•Opioid use disorder
•Prescription opioid use
•Concurrent CNS depressants (benzodiazepines, alcohol)
•Reduced tolerance after period of abstinence
•Fentanyl-contaminated supply