Trauma & Orthopedic Emergencies
Acute trauma management and orthopedic injury protocols
Conditions
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
ATS Category 2 - Evidence Grade A
Epidemiology
Leading cause of death and disability in trauma. Incidence 538-934 per 100,000 annually. Mortality 30-50% for severe TBI.
Pathophysiology
Primary injury from direct mechanical trauma. Secondary injury from cerebral edema, increased ICP, hypoxia, and ischemia.
Risk Factors
- •Motor vehicle accidents
- •Falls (especially in elderly)
- •Assaults
- •Sports injuries
- •Alcohol intoxication
- •Seizure disorders